Organic agriculture has a long history with guidelines developed in 1924 to formalize an alternative to conventional production systems (Hovi et al.
Literature in sustainable agriculture identifies two core aspects (1) the. Thus, it is raising a new concern of industrialized agriculture toward a more environmentally sustainable system. On the other end, over the past few 100 years, the expansion of agricultural land has released substantial carbon to the atmosphere, due to soil carbon depletion by agriculture through removal of photosynthate carbon toward the market system and conventional tillage (CT) practices, which increase SOM mineralization rate (Schlesinger 1984). The terrestrial carbon cycle is supposedly a sink of about 25 of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Running 2008). CO2 is considered the main GHG, affecting the phenomenon for more than 50 (IPCC 1996). The main concern of the altered global C cycle is the large imbalance between carbon release to the atmosphere and carbon uptake by other compartments, that leads to a continued increase in atmospheric CO2 to a rate of 4.1 x 109 tons of carbon per year (IPCC 2007a, b). Natural ecosystems offer a reference point for better understanding of the ecological process of sustainability while traditional farming systems provide. Both have a test of time to maintain land productivity and provide a different kind of knowledge. Gleissman (2001) describes that the components of sustainable agriculture begin with two types of existing systems natural ecosystems and traditional farming systems (Table 11.1). Sustainable agriculture is farming systems that are maintaining their productivity and benefit to society indefinitely (Appleby 2005 Lichtfouse et al. A sustainable farming system is recognized as a system that maintains the resource base upon which it depends, relies on minimum of synthetic inputs, manages pests and diseases through internal regulating processes, and can recover from the human disturbance caused by agricultural practices, i.e., cultivation and harvest (Edwards et al. The farming system is a foundation in agriculture. Weed management in organic agriculture is one of the most difficult aspects of organic farming and uses especially preventive methods that include ways such as cover crops, mulches, green manure, intercropping in which. Suitable use of allelopathic crops in agriculture could reduce the pesticide application and thereby reduce the environmental and food pollution, decrease costs in agriculture, improve food security in poor regions and soil productivity, and increase biodiversity and sustainability in the agro-ecosystem. However, detailed knowledge of this phenomenon is necessary for its successful application due to still limited available knowledge. Hence, allelopathy together with competition is a promising environment-friendly tool for weed management. Nothing like haste to make something out of waste.Abstract Allelopathy is a biological process including interactions between two plants through the production of chemical compounds (allelochemicals) that are released by leaching, volatilization, decomposition, or root exudation. Undeterred, researchers at several cellulosic-ethanol plants are developing innovative enzyme concoctions and heating methods to make the process more economic. But they don't give up their bounty easily, so for now they're more expensive than corn-based ethanol to produce. Municipal waste, wood pulp and leftover grain and corn husks are all quite attractive they can produce something called cellulosic ethanol, which contains more energy than corn. That's why researchers are prospecting for more alternatives, preferably ones that don't rely on food crops or a 51 cents-per-gallon tax break. Producers depend on federal subsidies, and increasing demand for corn as fuel means the kernels keep getting pricier. Existing gas pipelines can't carry it because it corrodes iron. use natural gas and, yes, even coal to run the processors. Some of the 114 ethanol plants in the U.S. Yet the eco-friendly fuel is beginning to look less chummy of late. Already, half of the nearly 11 billion bushels of corn produced each year is turned into ethanol, and most new cars are capable of running on E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gas). The Department of Energy has doubled its 2005 commitment to funding research into biofuels—any non-petroleum fuel source, including corn, soybean, switchgrass, municipal waste and (ick) used cooking oil.
from its expensive oil habit and in turn prevent the millions of tons of carbon emissions that go with it. Are corn husks better than corn for producing energy? Ethanol is the alternative fuel that could finally wean the U.S.